तमिलनाडु में 79% आरक्षण विकास के साथ सामाजिक न्याय की गारंटी

मूकनायक मीडिया ब्यूरो | 06 जुलाई 2024 | जयपुर : विकास के साथ सामाजिक न्याय का केंद्रीय विचार ब्राह्मण विरोधी आंदोलन – जो आत्म-सम्मान आंदोलन में विकसित हुआ – एक समावेशी द्रविड़ पहचान के निर्माण का स्थल बन गया जिससे विभिन्न जाति समूहों में “समानताओं की श्रृंखला” का निर्माण संभव हो सका।

तमिलनाडु में 79% आरक्षण विकास के साथ सामाजिक न्याय की गारंटी

इसी ने ऊंची जाति की राजनीतिक सत्ता को चुनौती देने में शुरुआती सफलताओं के बाद निचली जाति के गठबंधनों को तेजी से टूटने से रोका, जिसका अभाव उत्तर भारत के हिंदी भाषी प्रदेशों ‘काउ बेल्ट’ में अब भी है। आलेख के अगले हिस्से में इसे काउ बेल्ट से ही अभिहित / संबोधित करेंगे।

तमिलनाडु में सामाजिक न्याय के वास्तविक पैरोकार सामाजिक न्याय, समानता, आस्था की समान प्रकृति और भाईचारे के उत्कृष्ट सिद्धांतों पर राज्य को विकसित करने के लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर रहे हैं। यह इस बात का प्रमाण है कि 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक आरक्षण सभी के लिए समृद्धि को बढ़ावा दे रहा है।

यदि कांग्रेसनीत इंडिया गठबंधन सत्ता में आती है, तो उसने संवैधानिक संशोधन पारित करने का संकल्प कर काउ बेल्ट सहित देश भर में आरक्षण कि सीमा 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक बढ़ाने का संकल्प लिया है। यह देखना दिलचस्प रहेगा कि इंडिया गठबंधन इस लक्ष्य को कितनी सिद्दत से हासिल करता है या वहीं ढाक के तीन पात साबित होता है।

तमिलनाडु (टीएन) भारत के एक बड़े राज्य के लिए आरक्षण की सीमा 50 प्रतिशत बढ़ाया, जहां पिछड़ी जातियों (ओबीसी), एससी और एसटी के लिए 69 प्रतिशत आरक्षण है। जो कि सुप्रीमकोर्ट के इंदा साहनी केस कि निर्धारित सीमा 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक है और राज्य के बड़े शैक्षणिक संस्थान और कॉलेजों में ईमानदारी से लागू होने के कारण इसके बेहतरीन परिणाम देखने को मिले हैं।

जाहिर है, महाराष्ट्र, ओडिशा और छत्तीसगढ़ जैसे राज्यों में इस विचार के बारे में कुछ आशंकाएं हैं, उन्होंने मुख्य रूप से आरक्षण को 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक बढ़ाने का प्रयास किया है, लेकिन सर्वोच्च न्यायालय (एससी) द्वारा इस पर रोक लगा दी गई है।

इस प्रस्ताव के विरोध की दो मुख्य बातें हैं – कानूनी और आर्थिक। कानूनी तर्क यह है कि आधे से अधिक अवसरों को आरक्षित करना संविधान का अक्षरश: उल्लंघन है। आर्थिक तर्क यह है कि उत्पीड़ित जातियों के लिए पद आरक्षित करना प्रतिभा, कौशल और योग्यता पर एक समझौता होगा जो अनिवार्य रूप से खराब आर्थिक परिणामों को जन्म देगा।

इस लेख में कानूनी तर्क को एक तरफ रखते हुए, अनुभवजन्य साक्ष्य और उदाहरणों के साथ आर्थिक विरोध को आसानी से कैसे हासिल किया जा सकता है। इस पर चर्चा व्यापक करेंगे। “नैसर्गिक प्रयोग” एक मजबूत अनुसंधान पद्धति है जिसका उपयोग अर्थशास्त्री वास्तविक जीवन में नीतिगत परिवर्तनों के प्रभावों का अध्ययन करने के लिए करते हैं।

कनाडाई-अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्री डेविड कार्ड ने सीमा पार दो अमेरिकी पड़ोसों की एक दूसरे से तुलना करके, न्यू जर्सी राज्य में एक के साथ, न्यूनतम मजदूरी बढ़ाने के रोजगार पर प्रभाव का अध्ययन करने के लिए 2021 में नोबेल पुरस्कार जीता, जहां न्यूनतम वेतन बढ़ाया गया था, और दूसरा पेंसिल्वेनिया राज्य में, जहां नहीं बढ़ाया गया था। ऐसे ” नैसर्गिक प्रयोग”, नियंत्रित या प्रयोगशाला प्रयोगों के विपरीत, लोगों और समाजों पर नीतिगत प्रभावों का अध्ययन करने के लिए बेहतर उपकरण माने जाते हैं।

भारत में 1990 में टीएन द्वारा अपना आरक्षण कोटा बढ़ाकर 69 प्रतिशत करना एक ” नैसर्गिक प्रयोग” था। 1992 में, सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने सभी पहचान-आधारित आरक्षण पर 50 प्रतिशत की सीमा लगा दी। अपने 69 प्रतिशत आरक्षण को SC के फैसले से बचाने के लिए, तमिलनाडु की तत्कालीन मुख्यमंत्री जे जयललिता ने, तत्कालीन प्रधान मंत्री पीवी नरसिम्हा राव के समर्थन से, तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति शंकर दयाल शर्मा से सहमति प्राप्त की ताकि यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सके कि तमिलनाडु के आरक्षण विधेयक को नौवीं अनुसूची के तहत रखा जाये। ताकि इसे न्यायिक समीक्षा से बाहर रखा जा सके। इस प्रकार, टीएन भारत में 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक आरक्षण वाला एकमात्र बड़ा राज्य बन गया।

तमिलनाडु में तीन दशकों के अधिक आरक्षण ने अन्य राज्यों की तुलना में इसके आर्थिक विकास और प्रगति को कैसे प्रभावित किया? यह “नैसेगिक प्रयोग” आलोचकों की परिकल्पना का परीक्षण करने के लिए उपयुक्त है कि अधिक आरक्षण योग्यता और दक्षता का त्याग करता है जो तब निजी क्षेत्र के निवेश, आर्थिक विकास और समृद्धि पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव डालता है।

आइए टीएन की तुलना अन्य बड़े राज्यों से करें जहां अधिक आरक्षण नहीं है, जैसे कि महाराष्ट्र, कर्नाटक, गुजरात, बिहार और उत्तर प्रदेश। 1993 और 2023 के बीच, प्रति व्यक्ति सकल घरेलू उत्पाद में कर्नाटक के बाद तमिलनाडु की दूसरी सबसे अधिक वृद्धि हुई। सरलीकृत जीडीपी के लाइन माप के अनुसार, तमिलनाडु में उत्पीड़ित जातियों के लिए उच्च आरक्षण ने स्पष्ट रूप से कम आरक्षण वाले अन्य राज्यों से बेहतर प्रदर्शन करने की इसकी क्षमता में बाधा नहीं डाली है।

कोई यह देखने के लिए और गहराई से अध्ययन कर सकता है कि क्या टीएन की जीडीपी वृद्धि केवल केरल जैसे विदेशी प्रेषण का एक कार्य है या निवेश, उत्पादन और रोजगार की वास्तविक आर्थिक गतिविधियों से प्रेरित है।

1993 से 2023 की अवधि में, तमिलनाडु में कारखानों की संख्या दोगुनी हो गई, जो गुजरात के बाद दूसरी सबसे बड़ी वृद्धि है, जबकि बिहार में कारखानों की संख्या में गिरावट आई है। इस अवधि में टीएन में मध्यम और छोटे निजी क्षेत्र के उद्यमों द्वारा निवेश राज्यों के इस समूह में सबसे अधिक था और टीएन में उत्पादन महाराष्ट्र के बाद दूसरा सबसे अधिक था।

इन सभी राज्यों में से तमिलनाडु में कुल नियोजित श्रमिकों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है। टीएन न केवल अधिकतम संख्या में श्रमिकों को रोजगार देता है बल्कि उन्हें सबसे अधिक भुगतान भी करता है, गैर-कृषि मजदूरों के लिए मजदूरी महाराष्ट्र की तुलना में लगभग 70 प्रतिशत अधिक है (डेटा भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक की राज्यों की वार्षिक हैंडबुक से प्राप्त किया गया है)।

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स और आईफ़ोन विनिर्माण की वैश्विक हिस्सेदारी में भारत की तेजी से वृद्धि के बारे में सभी दावों के बावजूद, देश का 40 प्रतिशत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स उत्पादन अकेले टीएन से आता है। इसके अलावा, भारत का लगभग आधा स्मार्टफोन निर्यात तमिलनाडु के कांचीपुरम जिले से होता है, जहां की एक तिहाई आबादी दलित है।

डेटा का विश्लेषण चाहे किसी भी तरीके से किया जाये, यह स्पष्ट है कि तमिलनाडु ने आर्थिक विकास, समृद्धि और विकास की गुणवत्ता में अधिकांश अन्य राज्यों को पीछे छोड़ दिया है। जाहिर है, उत्पीड़ित जातियों के लिए 50 प्रतिशत आरक्षण सीमा को पार करने से योग्यता कम नहीं होती है और आर्थिक विकास में बाधा नहीं आती है। न ही इसने निवेशकों, उद्यमियों या श्रमिकों को डरा दिया है। यदि कुछ भी हो, तो यह शायद आर्थिक विकास की एक निश्चित समावेशी प्रकृति को मजबूर करता है जिसकी दुनिया के अधिकांश देश आकांक्षा करते हैं।

बढ़ती सकारात्मक कार्रवाई के कारण आर्थिक प्रगति धीमी होने का डर फैलाना एक संकीर्ण और विक्षिप्त मानसिकता का द्योतक है। साक्ष्य, कम से कम भारतीय संदर्भ में, ऐसी आशंकाओं को स्पष्ट रूप से खारिज करते हैं। कोई वैध रूप से यह तर्क दे सकता है कि क्या आरक्षण व्यापक सामाजिक न्याय प्राप्त करने के लिए अपने आप में पर्याप्त – या यहां तक कि एकमात्र नीतिगत उपकरण है।

कोई भी उचित रूप से इस पर बहस कर सकता है कि क्या “जितनी आबादी, उतना हक” (जनसंख्या के अनुपात में अधिकार) प्राप्त करने योग्य लक्ष्य है। लेकिन यह तर्क देना कि अधिक आरक्षण से आर्थिक प्रगति बाधित होगी, स्पष्ट रूप से अंधा और वैचारिक रूप से पक्षपातपूर्ण है।

धन और विरासत करों जैसे विचारों के संदर्भ में, मैंने पहले तर्क दिया है कि भारत आर्थिक क्षेत्र को बड़े पैमाने पर और इतनी तेजी से बढ़ा सकता है कि हर कोई इसमें भाग ले सके और पश्चिमी विकसित देशों की तरह “पैरेटो इष्टतम” स्थिति में न फंसे। आर्थिक विकास धीमा है और लोगों के एक समूह की हालत दूसरे समूह की हालत खराब किए बिना बेहतर नहीं हो सकती।

इसलिए, ऐसे “अमीरों पर कर” विचार भारत के लिए अनुपयुक्त हैं। ओबीसी, एससी और एसटीएस के लिए उच्च आरक्षण से दूसरों की प्रगति और अवसरों में बाधा नहीं आनी चाहिए। इससे भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था सभी को समायोजित करते हुए अधिक तेजी से विकसित और बड़ी हो सकती है। साथ ही विश्व की सिरमौर अर्थव्यवस्था भी।

बिरसा अंबेडकर फुले फातिमा मिशन को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए ‘मूकनायक मीडिया’ को आर्थिक सहयोग जरूर कीजिए

MOOKNAYAK MEDIA

At times, though, “MOOKNAYAK MEDIA’s” immense reputation gets in the way of its own themes and aims. Looking back over the last 15 years, it’s intriguing to chart how dialogue around the portal has evolved and expanded. “MOOKNAYAK MEDIA” transformed from a niche Online News Portal that most of the people are watching worldwide, it to a symbol of Dalit Adivasi OBCs Minority & Women Rights and became a symbol of fighting for downtrodden people. Most importantly, with the establishment of online web portal like Mooknayak Media, the caste-ridden nature of political discourses and public sphere became more conspicuous and explicit.

Asian Countries with their Capitals and Population

MOOKNAYAK MEDIA BUREAU | December 28, 2024 | Jaipur : In this article, we will cover one of the topics of this section i.e “Countries and their Capitals”. This is a very easy topic and if students read it comprehensively they will score good marks and the possibility of their selection will increase. In #SSC, #Banking, #LIC, #Railways, and other #competitive_exams, the General Awareness section plays an important role nowadays since it is a very scoring section.

Asian Countries with their Capitals and Population

Asia is the largest continent on Earth, both in size and population. It covers about 44.6 million square kilometers, which is nearly 30% of the planet’s land and 8.7% of its total surface area.

Separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains, Asia has been the cradle of the world’s earliest civilization and is home to around 60% of all people.

List of all countries and their capitals in Asia: In terms of its geographical location of Asia, Asia mainly lies in the northern and eastern parts of the world. It’s bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Asia and Europe are part of the same landmass, connected through the Ural Mountains and across the Caspian Sea. Additionally, Asia links to Africa at the Isthmus of Suez.

Asian Countries List: Capitals of Asia

Asia is the world’s most populous continent, home to more than 4.6 billion people. The most populous country in Asia is China with a population of 1.4 billion according to the US Census Bureau as of July 2021. China is also the most populous country in the world.2. More than 2,300 languages are spoken throughout the Asian continent. The most common of these is Mandarin Chinese, spoken by a whopping 51% of the entire population of Asia.
The Asian elephant is smaller than African elephants, they have smaller ears and one more claw on each foot.
India is the largest mango-producing country in the world with more than 20 million tons of mangoes produced each year.
Of the top 10 rice-producing countries in the world, nine are in Asia i.e China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Japan.
The 100 highest mountains in the world are all on the Asian continent, with the highest being Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Nepal. Mount Everest, Nepal. Asia is home to the tallest mountains in the world.
The most important religion in Asia is Islam with about 1.2 billion followers. In second place is Hinduism with about 900 million followers.8. Out of the 10 most populous cities in the world, seven are in Asia according to the 2021 World Population Revision.
The word “Asia” is believed to be derived from the ancient Greek word “Aσία”. While the exact etymology is unknown, many believe the word means “sunrise” or “eastern light.
Wild tigers used to live throughout the Asian continent, but today they can only be found in 13 countries on the continent: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Russia, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The Sumatran tiger is found in the jungles of Indonesia.
The three countries with the highest life expectancy in the world are in Asia i.e Hong Kong, Japan and Macau.
The smallest country in Asia is the Maldives.

What are the 48 countries in Asia and their capitals

Asia, the largest continent on Earth, is a land of diversity, a rich tapestry of cultures and landscapes. It’s home to 48 unique countries, each with its own distinct capital city. Let’s begin on a journey to explore these nations and their capitals. It encompasses 48 unique countries, each with its own distinct capital city that serves as a window into the nation’s soul.

China – Beijing: As the capital of the most populous country, Beijing is a bustling metropolis blending ancient history with modern development.
India – New Delhi: New Delhi, the seat of government in India, is known for its wide boulevards and significant landmarks like the India Gate and Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Indonesia – Jakarta: Jakarta, on the island of Java, is a vibrant hub of Indonesian culture, economy, and politics.
Pakistan – Islamabad: Islamabad, known for its high standard of living and lush greenery, stands in contrast to the country’s more populous cities.
Bangladesh – Dhaka: Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is famous for its rich history and vibrant cultural scene.
Japan – Tokyo: Tokyo, a city that never sleeps, is a blend of cutting-edge technology and timeless traditions.
Philippines – Manila: Manila, the heart of the Philippines, is a densely populated bayside city with a history spanning centuries.
Vietnam – Hanoi: Hanoi, known for its centuries-old architecture, is a symbol of Vietnam’s complex history.
Turkey – Ankara: Ankara, the capital of Turkey, sits in the country’s central Anatolia region and is a center for commercial and industrial activities.
Iran – Tehran: Tehran, set against the backdrop of the Alborz mountains, is a bustling metropolis and the political and economic heart of Iran.
Thailand – Bangkok: Bangkok is famous for its ornate shrines and vibrant street life, reflecting Thailand’s unique culture.
Myanmar – Naypyidaw: Naypyidaw, a city purpose-built to be the capital, is known for its wide boulevards and monumental architecture.
South Korea – Seoul: Seoul, a city that melds history with technology, is the heartbeat of South Korea.
Iraq – Baghdad: Baghdad, once a significant center of the Islamic Golden Age, is steeped in history.
Afghanistan – Kabul: Kabul, set in a narrow valley, has been an important strategic location throughout history.
Saudi Arabia – Riyadh: Riyadh, a desert metropolis, is the political and administrative center of Saudi Arabia.
Uzbekistan – Tashkent: Tashkent, known for its many museums, is a testament to Uzbekistan’s rich history.
Malaysia – Kuala Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur, characterized by its famous Petronas Towers, is a symbol of Malaysia’s rapid development.
Yemen – Sana’a: Sana’a, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, is the historical heart of Yemen.
Nepal – Kathmandu: Kathmandu, nestled in the Himalayan foothills, is known for its historic temples and vibrant culture.
Sri Lanka – Colombo: Colombo, a bustling port city, is a blend of colonial heritage and modern vibrancy, reflecting Sri Lanka’s rich history.
Cambodia – Phnom Penh: Phnom Penh, situated at the confluence of rivers, is known for its historical and cultural significance in Cambodia.
Laos – Vientiane: Vientiane, a city with a laid-back charm, is famous for its French colonial architecture and Buddhist temples.
Mongolia – Ulaanbaatar: Ulaanbaatar, the coldest capital city in the world, is a unique blend of traditional Mongolian culture and urban development.
Nepal – Kathmandu: Kathmandu, set against the backdrop of the Himalayas, is renowned for its historic temples and vibrant street life.
Oman – Muscat: Muscat, known for its dazzling souks and superb seafood, is the picturesque capital of Oman.
Qatar – Doha: Doha, a city known for its futuristic skyscrapers and ultramodern architecture, is the economic center of Qatar.
Syria – Damascus: Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, is rich in history and culture.
United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi, a city of opulent mosques and beautiful waterfronts, is the modern and wealthy capital of the UAE.
Jordan – Amman: Amman, a city of contrasts blending the ancient and the modern, is the cultural and political hub of Jordan.
Lebanon – Beirut: Beirut, often referred to as the ‘Paris of the Middle East’, is known for its vibrant nightlife and rich history.
Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek: Bishkek, set against the backdrop of the Tien Shan mountains, is known for its wide boulevards and Soviet-era architecture.
Tajikistan – Dushanbe: Dushanbe, meaning ‘Monday’ in Tajik, is a city with lush green parks and Soviet-era buildings.
Turkmenistan – Ashgabat: Ashgabat, known for its white marble buildings and grandiose national monuments, is the heart of Turkmenistan.
Uzbekistan – Tashkent: Tashkent, a city with a mix of modern and Soviet-era architecture, is the cultural and economic center of Uzbekistan.
Kazakhstan – Nur-Sultan: Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana, is a symbol of Kazakhstan’s rapid modernization with its futuristic skyline.
Armenia – Yerevan: Yerevan, one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, is known for its Soviet-era architecture and vibrant cultural scene.
Azerbaijan – Baku: Baku, a city famed for its medieval walled old city, is the cosmopolitan capital of Azerbaijan.
Georgia – Tbilisi: Tbilisi is known for its diverse architecture and mazelike, cobblestone streets.
Bhutan – Thimphu: Thimphu, a city that uniquely blends traditional Bhutanese culture with modernity, is the intriguing capital of Bhutan.
Brunei – Bandar Seri Begawan: Bandar Seri Begawan, known for its opulent mosque and serene water village, is the peaceful capital of Brunei.
Maldives – Malé: Malé, a densely populated island city, is the commercial and political center of the Maldives.
Singapore – Singapore: Singapore, a global financial center, is a bustling city-state known for its multicultural population and green spaces.
East Timor (Timor-Leste) – Dili: Dili, set along the coast, is known for its historic Portuguese influence and significant role in East Timor’s history.
Palestine – East Jerusalem: East Jerusalem, a city of great religious significance, is the proclaimed capital of Palestine.
Yemen – Sana’a: Sana’a, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, is known for its unique architecture and historical significance.
Cyprus – Nicosia: Nicosia, the world’s last divided capital, is rich in history and culture, with a blend of Greek and Turkish influences.
Israel – Jerusalem: Jerusalem, a city of profound religious significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, is the proclaimed capital of Israel.

Each of these capitals offers a glimpse into the diverse tapestry of Asia, showcasing a blend of ancient traditions, cultural richness, and modern development. From the bustling streets of Singapore to the historic alleys of Jerusalem, these cities are not just administrative centers but the heart and soul of their respective countries.

Must Read : Asia has around 2300 languages and nearly 5 billion people

Ranking Of Asian Countries By Population

Geographically, the countries in Asia are categorized into six distinct regions. These regions are Northern Asia, Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Southeast Asia. Below, you’ll find a list of Asian countries, along with their respective populations.

Rank	Country	Population	Remarkable Fact
1	China	1.4 billion	World’s longest continuous civilization.
2	India	1.3 billion	World’s largest democracy.
3	Indonesia	273 million	World’s largest island country.
4	Pakistan	220 million	Home to the second-highest mountain, K2.
5	Bangladesh	163 million	Known for its lush greenery and waterways.
6	Japan	126 million	Land of the rising sun and advanced technology.
7	Philippines	109 million	Known for its stunning beaches and biodiversity.
8	Vietnam	97 million	Famous for its rich history and cuisine.
9	Turkey	84 million	A transcontinental country in Eurasia.
10	Iran	83 million	Rich in cultural heritage and history.

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Malaysia is a Country of Rich Cultures and Vernacular Languages

MOOKNAYAK MEDIA BUREAU | December 28, 2024 | Jaipur : Malaysia is a country that is rich in its cultures, there is absolutely a list of languages that the Malaysians speak. Let’s take a closer look at each language that is spoken and used in Malaysia.

Malaysia is a Country of Rich Cultures and Vernacular Languages

Malaysia is indeed a country with a diverse array of cultures and vernacular languages, primarily influenced by Malay, Chinese, and Indian traditions, making it a vibrant melting pot of ethnicities and linguistic variations.

1) Malay – Languages Spoken In Malaysia

As stated earlier, the official language in Malaysia is Malay, and this is prescribed in Malaysia’s Federal Constitution. Apart from that, it is also stated in Malaysia’s Education Act that the national language (which in this case refers to the Malay language) is to be used in all educational institutions in Malaysia.

Due to this, you’ll find that most national learning institutions (primary schools, secondary schools, and some local universities) utilize the Malay language as the medium of instruction.

However, since Malaysia has vernacular education, we also have Malaysian Chinese and Indian vernacular schools all over the country – these schools use each respective language as a medium of instruction.

Still, the Malay language is not only spoken by its native speakers, the Malay community but it is also spoken by many locals, including the Malaysian Chinese and Indian communities. It is the lingua franca used throughout Malaysia, especially in public places like restaurants, shops, and offices. It is the most commonly spoken language in Malaysia, especially in rural areas.

The locals in urban cities use the Malay language too since it’s their mother tongue. However, I must insist on the fact that it is most likely for you to hear a Malaysian Malay in an urban area such as Kuala Lumpur to speak in English rather than Malay. Such a phenomenon is quite standard today due to the culture of the current local professional industry.

Besides that, if you plan to come, visit, study, or even work in Malaysia one day, here’s one fact you should know: though the national language of this country is Bahasa Malaysia, formal and informal Malay can be very different.

You may find yourself setting foot in this country, studying the Malaysian language, and later discovering that the native speakers do not speak the language like how you formally learned it. The locals use many Malay slang words and jargon that you won’t learn in formal education. It’s exactly the same as learning English – all the semantics, pragmatics, and syntax are almost forgotten whenever we talk in English.

Through formal education, the language you learn is the official, standard version, while the current members of society spontaneously construct the conversational language. And this happens in almost every language, so don’t be surprised!

2) Mandarin

As the Malaysian Chinese community is a part of the country, the use of Mandarin has been widespread ever since in Malaysia. The government of Malaysia has also implemented a “Speak Mandarin Campaign” to encourage Chinese Malaysians to learn Mandarin since China had embraced the worldwide knowledge that most countries should have at least one common language between them.

Among all languages in Malaysia, it is fair to state how Mandarin is deemed significant by the members of society, regardless of their diverse ethnicity. As a result, people (especially those who aren’t Chinese) with good Mandarin proficiency are highly wanted in the professional industry.

This is because many stakeholders and business leaders in the corporate world are Malaysian Chinese. Thus, you could observe how Mandarin is truly considered a ‘working’ language in Malaysia from this instance.

Similar to the Malay language, the usage of Mandarin in this nation today has a little modern twist – the Malaysian Chinese borrow a lot of English words and incorporate them into the Chinese language. And that spontaneous fusion is known as today’s Manglish (Mandarin + English). Manglish can also sound similar to Singaporean slang, Singlish. Try listening to these two widely spoken varieties – I’m sure you’ll have a hard time distinguishing which one is which (just like I did).

3) Tamil – Languages Spoken In Malaysia

Tamil is the language spoken by the local Indians. In Malaysia, it is also known as Bahasa Tamil. You will hear this language being spoken by the Indian people if you go to Indian schools, temples, or any Indian festivities (like Deepavali and Thaipusam).

Among all languages of Malaysia, the Tamil language is regarded as one of the most complex languages due to its complicated Indian script and speech sounds. As mentioned before, this language is spoken by Indians, who are mostly Hindus. So if you’re asking if is Tamil the same as the Hindi language, it’s entirely different as Hindi is spoken by the Punjabi people. And in nature, the two languages sound unalike.

As previously mentioned, we have Indian vernacular schools – and yes, Indian children are given formal education in the Tamil language. Still, you should know that most Indians mix their mother tongue with words from Malay and English when it comes to conversations. Why? Because this specific population understands the complexity of their language, certain words are sometimes too complicated to pronounce in Tamil.

Due to that, they switch to Malay or English words, which are, at times, simpler and quicker to articulate. In addition, the local Indians also use a lot of Tanglish (Tamil + English), especially in the current modern days, in Kuala Lumpur.

4) English – Another Popular Language In Malaysia

As a former British colony, British English (UK) is also widely introduced in Malaysia. In fact, British English is our second language -it is made compulsory for all locals to learn it in primary and secondary schools. And English language learning never stops – we still have to learn it during our tertiary education.

In Malaysia, English is commonly used in business, education, and other formal and non-formal situations. However, living in Malaysia, you will also witness how more and more Malaysian citizens are speaking English today – all due to the rapid growth of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and advanced technology.

Compared to the other parts or states of Malaysia, you’ll most likely know or heard of Kuala Lumpur since it’s the capital city of this nation. Moreover, this city has always been the financial, cultural, and economic hub of Malaysia. And as a lot of multinational and international affairs take place in this particular part of the country, you’ll notice how English is commonly spoken among the locals among any other language.

Languages Spoken In Malaysia Local Dialects
Languages Spoken In Malaysia – The Local Dialects And Varieties
Now that we know the primary languages spoken are Malay, Chinese, and Indian, let’s see the dialects and varieties of these local languages of Malaysia.

Malay Language – Regional Dialects And Varieties

Like any other language worldwide, Bahasa Melayu has its own set of language varieties, which is simply known as dialects. Yup, even though all Malay native speakers have Malay as their national and maybe first language, not everyone has the same dialect.

For instance, people living in Kelantan, specifically, are widely known to have a very distinctive dialect. The speech sounds Kelantanese speakers create do not sound anything similar to the formal Bahasa Malaysia you learned in class. As a result, travelers or foreigners who have acquired Malay formally can be surprised when listening to some local speakers in Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis, and Perak. Why? Because these are some of the states that can have unique and strong regional dialects.

Still, these regional dialects are largely mutually intelligible – a person who lives in Kuala Lumpur would be able to understand what a person from Johor is saying and vice versa. But then, some dialects can be unique and would require in-depth learning for non-natives to comprehend. Generally, there are 10 dialects all over Malaysia:

Apart from all these regional dialects, some indigenous languages are also special to some unique ethnic groups in Malaysia. The indigenous population or the aborigines in Malaysia, also the oldest inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia, is known as Orang Asli. The Orang Asli community has its own set of unique languages.

The other set of unique ethnic groups are mostly situated in Sabah and Sarawak, located in East Malaysia. Some of them include Iban, Melanau, Dayak, Kadazan, Dusun, Murut, Rungus, Labuk and so many more.

Languages Spoken In Malaysia Chinese Varieties
Some of the indigenous ethnicities in Sabah and Sarawak
Chinese Language Varieties: Mandarin, Hokkien & Cantonese

As mentioned earlier, the standard language spoken by the local Chinese locals is Mandarin. However, other varieties of Chinese languages are also used in this country. The most popular Chinese varieties you’ll hear in Malaysia are Hokkien and Cantonese.

These two language varieties are altogether different from Standard Mandarin. The speech sounds, grammar as well as words are entirely different from those of the Mandarin language. Of course, non-Chinese would not be able to tell the differences, but these are the nature of Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien apart.

Tamil Language Varieties

Tamil, unlike Bahasa Malaysia, does not have that many varieties in the local setting. On the other hand, Bahasa Melayu has several dialects and varieties as it is the original language of Malaysia. In the case of the Tamil language, despite various varieties that sound close to this language, such as Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, and Malayalam, these varieties are very rare to be spoken among the Malaysian Indians.

How about Indian dialects? It’s the same case. It’s non-existent in Malaysia as the Tamil has spoken here has been localized. Indian dialects are more commonly found in India, its mainland.

Foreign Languages Spoken In Malaysia

How about foreign languages? What languages do these locals acquire and speak? Several foreign languages are being taught to the natives here in Malaysia. Here’s a list of foreign languages that are taught in schools:

Arabic
French
German
Spanish
Japanese
Korean

Apart from these languages, you can also find people who use or want to learn Turkish, Vietnamese, Thai, Indonesian, Tagalog, and Italian in Malaysia. Why? Because these languages are not formally taught in the local education institutions, they are still highly wanted in the job market.

Why Learn Different Languages Spoken In Malaysia
Job opportunities for those who are proficient in other foreign languages.
Why Learn The Different Spoken Languages In Malaysia

Today’s blog intends to introduce you to the vast array of languages we have here in Malaysia. Plus, as a native Malay, I truly love the linguistic diversity that we have in this country; Malays can learn the Mandarin language and the traditions and heritage of the local Chinese community and vice versa.

Must Read : Malaysia’s Most Beautiful Places For Tourists

To be specific, I appreciate how the practice of cultural and linguistic diversity in Malaysia is deeply rooted within the constitution (based on the few clauses and provisions I’ve included). So, in a way, the governmental system does not merely set what the official language is and what is not – it advocates and welcomes the act of acknowledging, understanding, and discovering other different languages that we have here in Malaysia.

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Malaysia is a Country of Rich Cultures and Vernacular Languages

Malaysia is a Country of Rich Cultures and Vernacular Languages

1) Malay – Languages Spoken In Malaysia

2) Mandarin

3) Tamil – Languages Spoken In Malaysia

4) English – Another Popular Language In Malaysia

Malay Language – Regional Dialects And Varieties

Tamil Language Varieties

Foreign Languages Spoken In Malaysia

Must Read : Malaysia’s Most Beautiful Places For Tourists

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Malaysia is a Country of Rich Cultures and Vernacular Languages

Malaysia’s Most Beautiful Places For Tourists

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